In this article, you will learn the difference between pandas join() vs merge() methods on pandas DataFrames with examples and use cases of each. pandas provide these two methods to combine DataFrames on columns and indexes however there are some differences between these two.
Pandas Join vs Merge Key Points
- join() method is used to perform join on row indices and doesn’t support joining on columns unless setting column as an index.
- join() by default performs left join.
- merge() method is used to perform join on indices, columns, and a combination of these two.
- merge() by default performs inner join.
- Both these methods support inner, left, right, and outer join types. merge additionally supports the cross-join.
Pandas Join vs Merge Differences
Both methods join() and merge() are used to perform joining pandas DataFrames on columns meaning, it combines all columns from two or more DataFrames into a single DataFrame. The main difference between join vs merge would be; join() is used to combine two DataFrames on the index but not on columns whereas merge() is primarily used to specify the columns you want to join on, this also supports joining on indexes and combination of index and columns.
Both these methods support left on the column and right on the index however, merge additionally supports left on the index and right on the column.
There is another difference, join() by default performs left join whereas merge() default uses inner join.
Below are some similarities and differences between pandas join() vs merge() methods.
Join Feature | join() | merge() |
---|---|---|
inner | Yes | Yes |
left | Yes | Yes |
right | Yes | Yes |
outer | Yes | Yes |
cross | X | Yes |
Join on Indices | Yes | Yes |
Join on Columns | X | Yes |
Left on the index, right on column | Yes | Yes |
Left on the index, right on the column | X | Yes |
2. Pandas Join vs Merge Examples
Now, let’s explore the differences between join vs merge with examples. First, let’s create two DataFrames with one common column on both DataFrames.
import pandas as pd
technologies = {
'Courses':["Spark","PySpark","Python","pandas"],
'Fee' :[20000,25000,22000,30000],
'Duration':['30days','40days','35days','50days'],
}
index_labels=['r1','r2','r3','r4']
df1 = pd.DataFrame(technologies,index=index_labels)
technologies2 = {
'Courses':["Spark","Java","Python","Go"],
'Discount':[2000,2300,1200,2000]
}
index_labels2=['r1','r6','r3','r5']
df2 = pd.DataFrame(technologies2,index=index_labels2)
print(df1)
print(df2)
Yields below DataFrames


3. Join on Index vs Merge on Index
As I said above, join is used to perform combining DataFrames on row indexes, it is the most efficient way to use for indices. let’s see with an example.
# pandas left join two DataFrames by Index
df3=df1.join(df2, lsuffix="_left", rsuffix="_right", how='left')
Yields below output. Notice that it performed left join on two DataFrames as left join is the default behavior of the join method.

In order to do the same operation with merge(), you need to explicitly specify the left
join using how
param.
# Merge two DataFrames by index using pandas.merge()
df3 = pd.merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True, how='left')
print(df3)
Yields below output.

4. Join on Column vs Merge on Column
merge() allows us to use columns in order to combine DataFrames and by default, it uses inner join. Below example by default join on Courses
the column as this is the only common column in both DataFrames.
# pandas merge - inner join by Column
df3=pd.merge(df1,df2)
Yields below output.

You can also explicitly specify the column you want to join on
# Merge DataFrames by Column
df3=pd.merge(df1,df2, on='Courses')
if you have column names different on left and right DataFrames, you can specify the column names
# When column names are different
df3=pd.merge(df1,df2, left_on='Courses', right_on='Courses')
To perform a similar operation with the join() method, you need to set the column to index usingset_index().
# Use join on column
df3=df1.set_index('Courses').join(df2.set_index('Courses'), how='inner')
print(df3)
5. Complete Example
import pandas as pd
technologies = {
'Courses':["Spark","PySpark","Python","pandas"],
'Fee' :[20000,25000,22000,30000],
'Duration':['30days','40days','35days','50days'],
}
index_labels=['r1','r2','r3','r4']
df1 = pd.DataFrame(technologies,index=index_labels)
technologies2 = {
'Courses':["Spark","Java","Python","Go"],
'Discount':[2000,2300,1200,2000]
}
index_labels2=['r1','r6','r3','r5']
df2 = pd.DataFrame(technologies2,index=index_labels2)
print(df1)
print(df2)
# pandas left join two DataFrames by Index
df3=df1.join(df2, lsuffix="_left", rsuffix="_right", how='left')
# Merge two DataFrames by index using pandas.merge()
df3 = pd.merge(df1, df2, left_index=True, right_index=True, how='left')
print(df3)
# pandas merge - inner join by Column
df3=pd.merge(df1,df2)
print(df3)
# Merge DataFrames by Column
df3=pd.merge(df1,df2, on='Courses')
print(df3)
# When column names are different
df3=pd.merge(df1,df2, left_on='Courses', right_on='Courses')
print(df3)
# Use join on column
df3=df1.set_index('Courses').join(df2.set_index('Courses'), how='inner')
print(df3)
Merge: Pandas merge()
is a versatile method for combining two or more DataFrames based on common columns or indices. It allows you to specify the columns to join on and the type of join (inner, outer, left, or right).
Join: join()
is a specific instance of the merge()
method used for combining DataFrames based on their indices. It is a more concise way to perform inner and left joins when you want to join DataFrames on their indices.
merge()
and join()
? Yes, you can achieve similar results with both methods, but merge()
is more versatile and allows for a wider range of options, especially when dealing with columns other than indices.
Common types of joins in Pandas merge()
include:
Inner Join (how='inner'
): Returns only the rows with matching keys in both DataFrames.
Outer Join (how='outer'
): Returns all rows when there is a match in either DataFrame.
Left Join (how='left'
): Returns all rows from the left DataFrame and the matched rows from the right DataFrame.
Right Join (how='right'
): Returns all rows from the right DataFrame and the matched rows from the left DataFrame.
merge()
or join()
? join()
is often considered more readable and concise when performing inner and left joins based on indices, especially in cases where you are joining multiple DataFrames.
6. Conclusion
In this article, you have learned the key differences between pandas joining and merging. join() method is used to perform join on row indices and doesn’t support joining on columns unless setting column as an index. join() by default performs left join. merge() method is used to perform join on indices, columns, and a combination of these two. merge() by default performs inner join. Both these methods support inner, left, right, and outer join types. merge additionally supports cross-join.
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